Benzodiazepine abuse is an escalating issue with significant health and social risks. These drugs are frequently used by polydrug abusers and alcoholics, and they sometimes serve as primary recreational substances. Abusers often consume large doses, either orally, through injection or by snorting, leading to dependence and a withdrawal syndrome that include convulsions and psychosis. Benzodiazepines are popular among various groups, including opiate, amphetamine and cocaine users, and have recently infiltrated the teenage 'rave' scene alongside MDMA and LSD. Some individuals begin recreational use as young as 13 or 14 years old, while others, particularly alcoholics, use non-prescribed benzodiazepines to alleviate anxiety and enhance the effects of alcohol. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, in 2022, around 3.7 million people (1.3% of the population ages 12+) misused prescription benzodiazepines in the last year. Adults ages 18-25 were the highest group who reported abusing benzodiazepines.
Health risks associated with benzodiazepine abuse include an increased likelihood of overdose, respiratory depression, road traffic accidents, mental disturbances and risky behaviors. Regular use leads to physical dependence, characterized by severe withdrawal symptoms, including epileptic fits, hallucinations and paranoia. The risks are exacerbated for those who inject benzodiazepines, with potential for severe tissue damage and increased risk of infections like HIV and hepatitis. Benzodiazepine withdrawal is often more severe than withdrawal from other drugs.
The social risks of benzodiazepine abuse are significant and multifaceted. It imposes a heavy economic burden on society through healthcare, rehabilitation and lost productivity costs. Benzodiazepine abuse is also linked to increased criminal activities like theft, fraud and drug trafficking.
Diagnosis of benzodiazepine abuse typically involves a comprehensive evaluation, including a detailed medical history and physical examination. Laboratory tests, such as urine drug screens, confirm recent use. Psychological assessments is also necessary to identify co-occurring mental health disorders. Early recognition of abuse is crucial for effective intervention and management.
Benzodiazepine abuse presents a complex challenge with far-reaching consequences. Addressing it requires a comprehensive approach that includes prevention, early intervention, effective treatment and ongoing support.
