Resurgence of Human Parvovirus B19 Infections in the US

Parvovirus B19 is a common viral pathogen that has made an alarming resurgence in recent years in the U.S. parvovirus B19 is a single-stranded DNA virus that predominantly infects erythrocyte precursors, and can cause a range of clinical manifestations, from a “slapped cheek” rash to, in some at-risk populations, more serious complications.

Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shows that parvovirus B19 infections have been steadily increasing since 2019. In 2021, the CDC reported more than 9,000 confirmed cases of B19 parvovirus across the country, an increase of nearly 50 percent from 2020. While parvovirus B19 infections occur year-round, the virus typically shows a seasonal pattern, with higher incidence in the spring and early summer. Outbreaks of parvovirus B19 have been reported in several states in the U.S. They typically occur in child care centers, schools and other crowded places and the virus is readily transmitted through respiratory droplets and close personal contact. Certain populations, such as children, pregnant women and individuals with weakened immune systems, are at higher risk for complications from parvovirus B19 infection, including severe anemia, aplastic crisis and fetal complications.

The reasons for the rise in parvovirus B19 cases are not fully understood, but may be related to a number of factors. Decreased immunity in the population, changes in human behavior and social mixing patterns after COVID-19 and possible genetic variation in the virus itself are all possible causes. In addition, B19 parvovirus infections may be difficult to diagnose because their symptoms often resemble those of other common viral diseases, which can lead to underreporting and delayed public health responses.

The health sector has emphasized the importance of maintaining vigilance and taking appropriate preventive measures to control the spread of parvovirus B19. These include timely detection and isolation of cases, strengthening of infection control protocols in high-risk environments and public education on the symptoms and modes of transmission of the virus. In addition, ongoing surveillance and research on the epidemiology and evolution of B19 parvovirus is critical to developing more effective strategies to mitigate its public health impact. Healthcare providers play a critical role in recognizing and reporting B19 parvovirus infections, as early detection and appropriate management help prevent serious complications, especially in susceptible populations. Public health organizations also need to strengthen their surveillance and response capacity to better understand and respond to the re-emergence of this ubiquitous viral infection.